Solder bridges (or "shorts" as they are also known) occur when solder unintentionally connects one electronic component lead to another.
Unfortunately, these are bad news for electronics manufacturers.
They can be difficult to spot - particularly where fine pitch components are involved -and, if unresolved, can end up causing serious damage to the component and/or circuit board.
Thankfully, a large number of solder bridges can be easily prevented. And while preventive measures may end up costing you a small amount of additional time and money, the long term payback can be significant. In this blog post, we will look at some of the most common root causes that lead to solder bridges and how to prevent these from occurring.
Root cause
The majority of solder bridges are the result of less than ideal printed circuit board (PCB) design. As demand for smaller/faster technology increases, electronic component manufacturers continue to reduce the package size of their components. Have you seen inside an Apple Watch? It’s mind blowing! Original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), therefore, have an ongoing challenge and sometimes the layout of the circuit board can be compromised in order to get a new product out to market. Of course, issues can also occur during the assembly process but, provided a robust New Product Introduction (NPI) process exists within the company, these should be confined to the first batch.
Issues that can lead to solder bridges include:
- Lack of/insufficient solder resist between pads.
- Pad to gap ratio - especially when the pitch of the device is 0.5mm or below.
- Excessive solder paste applied due to incorrect stencil specification.
- A poor seal between the solder stencil and the PCB, resulting in uneven paste distribution.
- Incorrect stencil thickness.
- Poor registration of the solder screen compared to the PCB.
- Surface mount component placement errors.
One of the most common issues we see relates to the lack of solder resist around fine pitch components. Recently, we saw an issue with a QFN (quad-flat no-leads) package and, following a thorough investigation, found that the resist had been applied in "blocks" around the leads of the device, rather than between each one individually. While this would have been easier for the PCB manufacturer, and arguably helps improve yield, the necessary barrier between lead was not created, which resulted in bridging.
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Prevention
It’s important, therefore, to specify and then verify with the bare board manufacturer that they are able to apply solder resist between each lead. If they can’t, due to tight tolerances, a design change may be required around that particular component. Obviously, this is never ideal - particularly when the pressure is on to deliver product out to market - but the alternative could be hours of expensive rework or, worse still, a large number of customer complaints.
When it comes to solder stencil design, we have found that 5 thou (0.127mm) thickness, laser cut, stainless steel stencils, generally work well for 0.5mm pitch devices and 0603 case sizes. For QFNs, 0402 case sizes, resistor networks and 0.4mm pitch devices, we would, however, recommend using laser cut nickel stencils for enhanced paste release and reducing the thickness to 4 thou (0.1mm).
You can use the following formulas to select an appropriate stencil thickness:
- Aspect Ratio = Aperture Width (W) / Stencil Thickness (T).
- Area Ratio = Area of Pad (LxW) / Area of Aperture Walls (2 x (LxW) x T)
(where L is the aperture length).
Clearly, these are guidelines based on our own experience - you need to ensure any specifications you agree with your stencil supplier produce the levels of quality you expect. If you are experiencing bridging as a result of incorrect placement or excessive paste, you may need to reduce the thickness of the stencil, aperture or change the finish.
In the majority of cases, the standard tooling (designed to hold stencils in place) designed within screen printers is adequate. However, if you are manufacturing a particularly thin PCB, which also contains a number of fine pitch components, you may find the PCB isn’t rigid/flat enough during printing. In these circumstances, it is recommended that dedicated tooling is created, which provides adequate support where needed so that the board remains perfectly flat when printed.
And finally, to eliminate solder bridges occurring during the reflow process, you must always ensure that the oven profile you use meets the specification of the solder paste.
Hopefully, this blog post has proved useful. Although solder bridges can cause serious headaches for some electronics manufacturers, the majority can be prevented relatively easily. So if you are an OEM looking into outsourcing and have any concerns around the issue, make sure the electronics manufacturing services (EMS) provider you partner with has demonstrable design for manufacture (DFM) experience. Small design changes to the bare board or solder stencil might cost you several hundred pounds but reworking batches of failing PCBAs could end up costing thousands. And that’s before taking into consideration the impact it has on your reputation.
Image by Astrid Westvang
